Anatomy

Assessment in Anatomy

Core (General Anatomy):

• Definition, subdivisions of anatomy, and its importance in the study of medicine.
• Anatomical terminologies, anatomical planes & positions.
• Skeletal system; Bones- classification, consumption, functions, parts of a developing long bone, blood supply, periosteum & endosteum. Ossification- definition, centers, processes. Factors affecting the growth of bone.
• Cartilages: composition, types, characters, locations, and functions.
• Joint: classification, characteristics of each type and movements, stability of the joints. Clinical conditions associated with joints. The general plan of blood supply and nerve supply of joints.
• Muscular systems: different ways of classification, characteristics, and functions of different types.
• Skeletal muscle- classification; principle applied to innervation & contraction.
• Blood vascular system: component parts, general plan, structure, classification.
• Differences between different types of vessels. Nutrition and innervations of vessels.
• Circulation- systemic, portal 7 pulmonary circulation characteristic features of each type.
• Vascular anastomosis: types, sites, characteristics, features of lymph capillaries. Comparison with blood capillary.
• Lymphoid organs: classification, distribution & functions.

Core (Cell Biology):

• Human Cell- basic organization, types of constituents, cell membrane.
• Nuclease- structure & functions
• Cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusion- structure & functions
• Functional correlation of different types of cells (protein secreting, ion transporting, steroid
• secreting, mucus-secreting, antibody-producing cell) in respect of their nuclear. cytoplasmic,
• membrane, and surface features.

Core (Human Genetics):

• Chromosomes: Basic structure
• terms 7 definitions: Gene, Gene locus, genome, genotype, phenotype. genetic trait etc.

General Histology

Basic tissues:
# Definition, classification, components, characters, distribution, and functions of
• Epithelial tissue and its subtypes
• Connective tissue and its subtypes
• Muscular tissue and its subtypes

# Structure and functions of
• Cell surface specialization
• Intercellular junction

# Histological structure of
• Smooth muscle tissue
• Cardiac muscle tissue
• Skeletal muscle tissue

# Mechanism of muscle contraction
# Structure and function of Nervous tissue
• Neurons
• Neuroglia

Systemic Histology: histological structures of

• Respiratory system: Respiratory tract & Lung
• Vascular system: Different types of arteries, capillary & vein
• Lymphoid organs: Thymus, spleen, lymph node & tonsil
• Digestive system & associated Glands: tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestine, Liver, gall bladder, pancreas
• Exocrine glands: salivary glands
• Urinary system: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder
• Male reproductive system: testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle
• Female reproductive system: ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina
• Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands
• Skin and its appendages

Core (General Embryology):
• Introduction: terms and definition; Significance of study of embryology.
• Basic process of development: proliferation, growth, differentiation, inductors, evocators, and organizer
• Cell division: Types
• Chromosomal changes during cell division with anomalies in Gametogenesis and maturation of Germ cells.
• Fertilization: Events, factors influencing the fertilization;
• Progress in 1st week of development
• Progress in 2nd week of development.
• Progress in 3rd week of development.
• Derivatives of germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm.
• Foetal membranes: Placenta, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, yolk sac etc.
• Twins
• Teratology

Additional:
• Human Evolution
• Concepts of medical biotechnology in relation to embryology
• Molecular regulation &cell signaling

Core (Systemic Development Anatomy):

Development and the Anomalies of

• Skeletal system & vertebral column
• Muscular system
• Upper and lower limb
• The digestive system with associated glands
• Respiratory system
• Cardiovascular System & aortic arches
• Coelomic cavity & the diaphragm
• Skin & mammary gland
• Urinary system
• The male and female Reproduction system
• Pituitary & suprarenal gland
• Face & neck & their associated organs
• Nervous System
• Eye & Ear

Additional:

Development of

• Lymphatic System
• Vascular System

Core (Neuroanatomy):

• Introduction to the Nervous system,
• Composition of grey matter and white matter
• Nerve fibers: structure classifications & functions, myelination, degeneration, regeneration
• Receptors: definition, structure classifications location & functions
• Synapse: definition, structure classifications & functions
• Autonomic nervous system: parts, autonomic nerve plexuses & ganglia
• Coverings of brain and spinal cord: Pia, arachnoid, and dura mater, their extension, folds, spaces, nerve supply & blood supply
• Ventricular system and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Location of different ventricles of the brain, the formation, composition, circulation, absorption & functions of CSF
• Blood-brain and Blood-CSF barriers: Composition & function

Core (Neuroanatomy):

Motor system

• Cerebrum (motor areas): Gyri, sulci, and important functional areas with effects of
• lesion; mode of blood supply
• Pyramidal & extrapyramidal system & effects of their lesion Cerebellum: parts, functional lobes, nuclei, peduncles & functions, blood supply, clinical conditions
• Basal nuclei: locations, parts, functions artery supply & clinical conditions
• Motor and mixed Cranial Nerves: Classification, functional components, cranial nerve nuclei and course of cranial nerves

Sensory system

• Dermatome & axial line
• Cerebrum (sensory areas): Gyri, sulci, and important functional areas with effects of the lesion; mode of blood supply
• Ascending tracts of the spinal cord with effects of lesions
• Diencephalon: parts & functions Sensory cranial nerves & Smell, visual & auditory pathway
• Spinal Cord: Length, extension, enlargement, blood supply, cross-sections at a different levels
• Brain stem: blood supply, cross sections at different levels
• Reticular formation
• Limbic system

Thorax

Core (Living Anatomy):

• Counting of ribs and costal cartilages
• Heart-apex and borders
• Lung-borders and apex
• Trachea & Bronchi
• Esophagus
• Triangle of auscultation
• Jugular notch
• Sternal angle
• Area of superficial Cardiac dullness

Common carotid and subclavian artery Internal thoracic artery

Superior extremity
Core (Living Anatomy):

• Nerves: Radial, Ulnar, Median nerve, Axillary nerve
• Arteries: Bronchial, Radial, Ulnar artery, superficial and deep palmar arch
• Veins: cephalic, basilic & median cubital vein
• Flexor retinaculum
• Anatomical snuff box
• Medial humeral epicondyle

CORE:
Abdomen (Living Anatomy)

• Trans-pyloric plane, Trans tubercular plane, Subcostal plane, mid clavicular line
• Regions of abdomen
• Superficial & deep inguinal ring, Inguinal canal
• Abdominal aorta & inferior vena cava
• Stomach, Duodenum, Pancreas, Liver, Gall bladder, Bile duct, spleen, Kidney from back & Mac Burney’s point
• Transverse colon, ureter from front and back, celiac trunk, splenic artery, Root of the mesentery

Inferior extremity (Living Anatomy)

• Common peroneal nerve, Tibial nerve
• Popliteal artery
• Anterior & posterior tibial artery
• Arteria dorsalis pedis
• Great Saphenous vein
• Small Saphenous vein
• Adductor tubercle
• Lateral and Medial Malleolus
• Greater trochanter of femur Anterior superior iliac spine

Additional

• Femoral nerve, sural nerve, Medial and lateral plantar artery, and plantar arch.

Head and neck (Living Anatomy)

• Facial artery, Facial vein
• Internal jugular vein, External jugular vein
• Common Carotid artery & its bifurcation
• Facial Nerve & their branches
• Vagus nerve in the neck
• Parotid gland and its duct
• Frontal and maxillary air sinuses
• Thyroid gland
• Tip of the coracoid process
• The inferior angle of scapula Tip of the 7th cervical spine

Additional:

• Pterion, lambda
• Middle meningeal artery

Core (Anatomy of Radiology & Images):

Radio opaque structures
Radio-lucent structures
Plain X-ray of the

– chest PA view
– abdomen AP view
– pelvis AP view
– arm including proximal & distal joints AP & lateral view
– forearm including proximal & distal joints AP & lateral view
– hand including proximal & distal joints
– thigh including proximal & distal joints AP & lateral view
– leg including proximal & distal joints AP & lateral view
– foot including proximal & distal joints AP & lateral view
– head & neck (cervical spine) AP & lateral view
– Paranasal sinuses OM view

Additional:

• Common normal Ultrasonography, Isotope scan.
• Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI), CT scan
• Coronary Angiography

Thorax (Clinical Anatomy)

• Pleurisy/Pleural effusion
• Pneumothorax
• Coronary artery disease
• Pericarditis/ pericardial effusion
• Flail chest
• Paralysis of the diaphragm

Abdomen (Clinical Anatomy)

• Portal vein obstruction
• Hydrocele
• Hernia
• Peritonitis, ascites Gastric ulcer
• Duodenal ulcer
• Gallstone/cholecystitis
• appendicitis
• Benign hyperplasia of prostate, Prostatic cancer
• Cystocele
• Stress incontinence
• Rupture urethra
• Salpingitis
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Prolapse of uterus/vagina
• Hemorrhoids
• Undescended testis
• Psoas abscess
• Ischiorectal abscess

Head & Neck (Clinical Anatomy)

• Fracture of the skull bones
• Scalp injury Piriform fossa and foreign body
• Otitis media
• Sinusitis
• Epistaxis Tonsilitis
• Swelling of the thyroid gland
• Mumps
• Cavernous vein thrombosis
• Cervical rib

CNS & Eyeball (Clinical Anatomy)

• Injury to brain/ eyeball/ spinal cord/cranial nerves
• Meningitis
• Hydrocephalus
• Cerebral ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage (extradural, subarachnoid, cerebral)
• Papilledema
• Horner’s syndrome

Superior extremity (Clinical Anatomy)

• Dislocation of shoulder joint Brachial plexus & injury to its nerves
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Colle’s fracture
• Breast abscess & breast cancer

Inferior extremity (Clinical Anatomy)

• Varicose vein
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Nerve injury
• Dislocation of the hip joint
• Rupture of menisci & cruciate ligament, Bursitis
• Deformities of foot
• Arterial pulsation
• Intravenous injections
• Intramuscular injection
• Apex beat, mitral, tricuspid, aortic & pulmonary areas
• Sternal puncture
• Pleural effusion
• Pericardial effusion
• Coronary angiogram
• Bronchoscopy
• Laryngoscopy
• Paracentesis /peritoneal dialysis
• Ryle’s tube
• Endoscopy
• Liver abscess
• Vasectomy Tubal ligation
• Nasogastric intubation
• Palpation of Cervical lymph node
• Lumbar puncture
• Epidural/spinal anesthesia
• Pudendal block
• Fundoscopy

Regional Anatomy: THORAX CARD
(DISSECTION, DEMONSTRATION, & TUTORIAL)

• Thoracic wall formation, thoracic cavity, intercostal space, and mediastinum.
• Bones and joints of the thorax
• Spinal nerve/intercostal nerve
• Heart with pericardium.
• Lung with pleura, trachea, and bronchus.
• Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics of the thorax.
• The diaphragm.
• Oesophagus
• Clinical Anatomy

Content

• The pectoral region with mammary gland
• Axilla
• Superficial dissection of the upper limb, back, and scapular region including quadrangular & triangular space in Front of the arm, forearm, and palm
• Back of the arm, forearm, and dorsum of the hand
• Blood supply, lymphatic drainage, cutaneous innervation & dermatome of superior extremity
• Bones & joints of the upper limb
• Clinical Anatomy

Regional Anatomy: ABDOMEN CARD
(DISSECTION, DEMONSTRATION, & TUTORIAL)

Regional Anatomy: SUPERIOR EXTREMITY CARD

Regional Anatomy: ABDOMEN CARD
(DISSECTION, DEMONSTRATION, & TUTORIAL)

• The anterior wall of the abdomen with the hernial region.
• Stomach, abdominal part of the esophagus Duodenum, pancreas, and spleen.
• The mesentery and mesenteric vessels. jejunum and ileum.
• Large intestine. rectum & anal canal
• Liver with the biliary apparatus including gall bladder; portal vein.
• Kidney, suprarenal gland, ureter, urinary bladder & urethra.
• Ovary, uterus, uterine tube, female external organs, and perineum.
• Vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, and male external genital organs. Muscles, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall.
• Muscles, blood vessels lymphatics, and nerves of the pelvis.
• Lumbar vertebra, bony pelvis & joints
• Clinical Anatomy

Regional Anatomy: INFERIOR EXTREMITY CARD
(DISSECTION, DEMONSTRATION, & TUTORIAL)

• Front and medial side of the thigh
• Gluteal region and back of the thigh
• Front of the leg and dorsum of the foot
• Lateral side, medial side, and back of the leg including the popliteal fossa sole of the foot
• Bones & joints of lower limb
• Arches of the foot
• Blood supply, lymphatic drainage, cutaneous innervation & dermatome of the inferior extremity
• Clinical Anatomy

Regional Anatomy: HEAD & NECK CARD
(DISSECTION, DEMONSTRATION, & TUTORIAL)

• Bones & joints of head and neck
• Scalp and temporal region
• Face and orbit
• Anterior triangle and its subdivisions, the submandibular region including the thyroid gland
• Posterior triangle
• Mouth and tongue
• Pharynx
• Nose and paranasal sinuses
• Larynx
• Vertebral column and deep dissection of the back of the neck
• External, middle, and internal ear.
• Clinical Anatomy

Regional Anatomy: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM & EYEBALL CARD
(DISSECTION, DEMONSTRATION, & TUTORIAL)

• Introduction to the nervous system, cranial cavity, and orbit.
• General examination of the brain
• Superficial attachments of cranial nerves
• meninges of the brain
• Cerebrum: lobes of the cerebrum, sulci, gyri & important functional areas, blood supply,
• formation of Circle of Willis
• Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, meta thalamus, epithalamus, and pituitary gland
• Basal nuclei, internal capsule, extrapyramidal system, and limbic system
• Brain stem and reticular formation Cranial nerves
• Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid Spinal cord & spinal nerves eyeball
• Clinical Anatomy